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	<title>Open Source &#8211; Maarch</title>
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		<title>Le Clean Code en pratique dans le développement des logiciels Maarch</title>
		<link>https://maarch.com/blog/le-clean-code-en-pratique-dans-le-developpement-des-logiciels-maarch/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Fri, 15 Nov 2024 17:27:02 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Article]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bonnes pratiques]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Clean Code]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Open Source]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Productivité]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Qualité du code]]></category>
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					<description><![CDATA[Un code propre, autrement dit Clean Code, est essentiel pour garantir la longévité, la qualité et la facilité d'évolution des logiciels. Qu'est-ce que le Clean Code, les bénéfices qu'il apporte, ainsi que des exemples et des pratiques concrètes pour le rendre applicable et accessible ?]]></description>
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  		<p class="small-text TT ls-80 bold">Table des matières</p>
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  	<div class="sumList">
    		<a href="#cleanCode" class="normal-text">Qu’est-ce qu’un code propre ?</a>
    		<a href="#avantages" class="normal-text">Les avantages du code propre</a>
    		<a href="#meilleuresPratiques" class="normal-text">Meilleures pratiques pour un code propre</a>
    		<a href="#conseilsStrategies" class="normal-text">Conseils et stratégies pratiques pour améliorer la lisibilité et la maintenabilité du code</a>
    		<a href="#conclusion" class="normal-text">Conclusion</a>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Introduction</h2>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Un code propre, autrement dit Clean Code, est essentiel pour garantir la longévité, la qualité et la facilité d&rsquo;évolution des logiciels. Qu&rsquo;est-ce que le Clean Code, les bénéfices qu&rsquo;il apporte, ainsi que des exemples et des pratiques concrètes pour le rendre applicable et accessible ?</p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Un code bien structuré et lisible facilite non seulement la tâche des développeurs, mais optimise également les ressources, réduit les erreurs et accélère la mise en œuvre de nouvelles fonctionnalités.</p>



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Qu&rsquo;est-ce qu&rsquo;un code propre ?</strong></h2>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Un Clean Code est un code qui est structuré, compréhensible et dépourvu de complexités inutiles. Il est organisé de manière à être lisible et maintenable par d&rsquo;autres développeurs ou par soi-même après plusieurs mois, et ce, avec un minimum d&rsquo;effort.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Un code propre est également évolutif et réutilisable, car il suit des règles simples qui facilitent son adaptation et son extension au fil du temps. </h3>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Il repose sur plusieurs principes de base :</strong></p>



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<li><strong>Simplicité :</strong> Chaque partie du code répond à une seule responsabilité bien définie.</li>



<li><strong>Lisibilité :</strong> Le code est compréhensible sans avoir besoin d&rsquo;explications excessives.</li>



<li><strong>Maintenabilité :</strong> Il est facile à corriger, adapter et optimiser.</li>



<li><strong>Modularité :</strong> Le code est découpé en parties autonomes et réutilisables.</li>
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  		<p class="xtiny-text medium"><em>Schéma du concept de Clean Code</em></p>
    

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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Les logiciels Maarch, étant des solutions open source, adhèrent aux principes du Clean Code pour rendre leur code source accessible et modulable.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><strong>Les avantages du code propre</strong><br></strong><div><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></strong></div></h2>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Les avantages d’un code propre vont bien au-delà de l’esthétique. Ils sont cruciaux pour la réussite d’un projet logiciel.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">1&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Maintenabilité accrue</strong></h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">La maintenabilité est l&rsquo;un des avantages les plus importants du Clean Code. Lorsque le code est bien structuré et facile à comprendre, il est beaucoup plus simple d&rsquo;y revenir pour le corriger ou le mettre à jour.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Selon une étude de l’Université Carnegie Mellon, les entreprises qui investissent dans la maintenabilité de leur code réduisent de 30 à 50 % le temps passé en maintenance, ce qui se traduit par des économies significatives.</h3>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">En pratique, cela signifie moins de bugs, des corrections plus rapides et une capacité accrue à faire évoluer le code sans le casser.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">2&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Réutilisabilité</strong></h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Le code propre favorise la réutilisation, car chaque fonction ou module est indépendant et conçu pour remplir une tâche spécifique. Dans un contexte où l&rsquo;on développe de multiples applications ou versions d’un produit, la réutilisation devient un atout stratégique.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">3&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; Évolutivité et adaptabilité</h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Un code bien écrit et structuré est facile à faire évoluer. À mesure que les exigences changent, un code propre est suffisamment flexible pour permettre l&rsquo;ajout de nouvelles fonctionnalités sans perturber l’existant.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">4&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Collaboration facilitée</strong></h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Un Clean Code bien documenté facilite la collaboration au sein des équipes de développement. Dans les grandes entreprises comme Microsoft, où plusieurs équipes travaillent sur des projets communs, un code standardisé, lisible et bien organisé permet aux développeurs de comprendre rapidement les contributions des autres. La collaboration est alors facilitée, même en cas de <a href="https://www.qualtrics.com/fr/gestion-de-l-experience/employe/turnover-definition/" data-type="link" data-id="https://www.qualtrics.com/fr/gestion-de-l-experience/employe/turnover-definition/"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">turnover</span></strong></a>.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><strong>Meilleures pratiques pour un code propre</strong></strong></h2>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Un code propre ne dépend pas seulement de la compétence individuelle, mais repose sur des bonnes pratiques reconnues et éprouvées par tous.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">1&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Organisation du code</strong></h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Architecture claire :</strong> adopter une architecture bien définie, telle que <strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.lemagit.fr/definition/Conception-pilotee-par-le-domaine-DDD#:~:text=La%20conception%20pilot%C3%A9e%20par%20le,forces%20%C3%A0%20des%20choses%20inutiles." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DDD (Domain Driven Design)</a></span></strong> ou l’<strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://blog.sciam.fr/2023/10/27/architecture-hexagonale-par-la-pratique-partie1.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">architecture hexagonale</a></span></strong>, plus récente et utilisée pour la conception des produits tels que  Maarch Digital Flow. </p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cette architecture permet une meilleure gestion des segments comme les dossiers, documents, utilisateurs, etc.</h3>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Cette architecture permet également deux choses, d’une part une séparation du code métier et du code qui « interagit » avec l’extérieur, et d’autre part l’aboutissement des tests plus simplement et rapidement pour tout code métier.</p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">À savoir que l’ensemble de la solution Maarch Digital Flow est développé autour de cette structure hexagonale.</p>



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  		<p class="xtiny-text medium"><em><em>Exemple de structure hexagonale</em></em><div class="lazyblock-bloc-pic-ZjqlsM wp-block-lazyblock-bloc-pic" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; font-family: &quot;Sharp Sans&quot;, sans-serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(15, 13, 45); font-weight: 600; white-space-collapse: collapse; background-color: rgb(254, 250, 242);"><div class="picBloc" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="sWrap" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div><em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></em></div></div></div></div></p>
    

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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Modularité :</strong> Découper les fonctions et classes en petits modules, afin que chacun d’entre eux soit  responsable d’une tâche précise.</p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Structure logique des dossiers :</strong> Organiser les fichiers et dossiers de façon cohérente pour faciliter la navigation et la lecture.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">2&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Nommer les variables et fonctions avec clarté</strong></h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Utiliser des noms explicites :</strong> Les noms de variables et de fonctions doivent être clairs et décrire précisément leur fonction (par exemple, “Total Price” est plus explicite que “tp”).</p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Éviter les abréviations :</strong> Les abréviations peuvent être trompeuses et rendre le code incompréhensible. Privilégiez des noms complets et significatifs. Il en vaut de même pour les noms de code en situation de test.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">3&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Commentaires et documentation</strong></h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Commentaires succincts :</strong> Les commentaires concernant un test ou un code doivent être concis, informatifs et expliquer pourquoi le code fait ce qu&rsquo;il fait. Un code propre est en soi explicite.</p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Documentation des fonctions</strong> : Documenter chaque fonction en indiquant ses paramètres, sa fonction et les éventuelles exceptions.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">4&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Techniques de débogage et de test</strong></h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Il existe plusieurs types de tests essentiels pour garantir la qualité et la fiabilité du code.</p>



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<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Tests automatisés :</strong></h4>



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<li><strong>Test unitaire :</strong> le test unitaire vérifie chaque fonction ou composant individuellement pour s’assurer qu’il fonctionne correctement en isolant ses fonctionnalités spécifiques. Par exemple, dans une application de messagerie, un test unitaire vérifiera qu&rsquo;une fonction de formatage de data renvoie bien le format attendu. Ces tests doivent être mis en place dès les premières étapes du projet pour s’assurer de la qualité du code au fil du développement.</li>



<li><strong>Test fonctionnel:</strong>  le test fonctionnel évalue des fonctionnalités complètes de l’application en vérifiant que chaque composant fonctionne comme prévu en interaction avec  d’autres. Par exemple, dans une plateforme de gestion de documents comme <strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://maarch.com/maarch-digital-flow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MDF</a></span></strong>, un test fonctionnel pourrait vérifier qu’un utilisateur peut télécharger, consulter et partager un document de bout en bout, simulant ainsi un cas d’utilisation réel.</li>
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<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Codage itératif avec </strong><a href="https://blog.hubspot.fr/website/test-driven-development" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">TDD (Test-Driven Development)</span></strong></a> <strong>:</strong> </h4>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">La méthode TDD implique de concevoir un test pour chaque cas d’usage avant même d’écrire le code correspondant. </p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cela pousse les développeurs à écrire un code plus structuré et maintenable, car chaque fonction est associée à un test spécifique, nommé de façon explicite. </h3>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Par exemple, si une fonction de tri est créée, un test sera écrit au préalable pour s’assurer qu&rsquo;elle trie correctement une liste donnée. Cette approche facilite la compréhension pour les collaborateurs qui peuvent facilement repérer et interpréter chaque test.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Des outils tels que <a href="https://www.jenkins.io/"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Jenkins</span></strong></a>, <a href="https://labs.maarch.org/maarch"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">GitLab</span></strong></a>, ainsi que des solutions d’analyse de code comme <a href="https://www.sonarsource.com/products/sonarqube/"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">SonarQube</span></strong></a>, facilitent la maintenabilité et la réutilisation du code tout en assurant son évolutivité.</h3>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Chez Maarch, nos équipes suivent des protocoles stricts en matière de tests : chaque développeur est tenu de vérifier que tous les tests associés à son code réussissent avant de le pousser dans la version finale. Cela garantit que chaque nouvelle version du code est stable, robuste et respecte les standards de qualité exigés.</p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Refactoring régulier :</strong> le <strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9usinage_de_code" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">refactoring</a></span></strong> (réorganisation sans modifier le comportement) permet de simplifier le code sans altérer ses fonctionnalités. Martin Fowler, un pionnier dans le domaine, conseille un refactoring fréquent pour éviter l’accumulation de dettes techniques.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><strong>Conseils et stratégies pratiques pour améliorer la lisibilité et la maintenabilité du code</strong></strong></h2>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">1&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Simplifier le code autant que possible :</strong> </h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Éviter la complexité excessive. Utilisez des structures de code simples et logiques telles que la méthode <a href="https://meritis.fr/blog/kiss-la-regle-simple"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">KISS ( Keep It Simple Stupid)</span></strong></a>.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">2&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Suivre les conventions de codage :</strong> </h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Utilisez les conventions propres au langage (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_case"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">camelCase</span></strong></a> en <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">JavaScript</span></strong></a>, par exemple). Il existe de nombreuses conventions de codage, comme la convention <a href="https://www.adimeo.com/blog-technique/psr-les-standards-de-programmation-en-php"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PSR12</span></strong></a> en <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PHP</span></strong></a> qui permet de vérifier que les développeurs respectent bien ce standard PHP. </p>



<div style="height:30px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Il est important de respecter les règles de codage de l’application et il est possible de vérifier certaines règles automatiquement. </h3>
</blockquote>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Chez Maarch, c’est une méthode qui est utilisée au cours de la réalisation des bouts de code.</p>



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<div class="lazyblock-bloc-pic-Z1FPAmF wp-block-lazyblock-bloc-pic">  <!-- start .sPic [LazyBlock] -->
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          <img decoding="async" src="https://maarch.com/wp-content/uploads/camelCase-javaScript.jpg" alt="">
    
  		<p class="xtiny-text medium"><em>Illustration du camelCase en JavaScript</em></p>
    

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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">3&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Éviter le code redondant :</strong> </h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Si un code similaire est répété plusieurs fois, envisager de le factoriser dans une fonction commune ; des méthodes telles que celle du <a href="https://cdiese.fr/principe-de-developpement-dry-dont-repeat-yourself/"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself)</span></strong></a> sont souvent utilisées.</p>



<div style="height:20px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">4&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Être attentif aux dépendances :</strong> </h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Utiliser le principe d&rsquo;injection de dépendances pour garder le code flexible et permettre de tester des modules de manière isolée.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">5&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Relire le code :</strong> </h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Prendre le temps de revoir et de corriger le code avant de le fusionner dans le projet principal. Cette pratique est utilisée systématiquement au sein de Maarch  assurant la qualité  des éléments et du code.</p>
</div></div>



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<div id="conclusion" class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained">
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Le Clean Code est une composante essentielle du développement logiciel moderne, offrant des avantages considérables en termes de maintenabilité, de réutilisation et d&rsquo;évolutivité. Bien qu&rsquo;il demande un effort initial et une discipline constante, les gains en productivité, en qualité et en satisfaction client sont inestimables.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">L’adoption de principes de code propre a un impact direct et positif sur la performance de leurs services et la satisfaction des utilisateurs.</h3>
</blockquote>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">En suivant les bonnes pratiques et en intégrant le code propre dès le début d’un projet, les développeurs peuvent non seulement faciliter leur travail, mais aussi poser les bases d’un logiciel durable et évolutif.</p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">C’est donc tout naturellement que ces principes sont mis en application au sein de l’équipe de R&amp;D Maarch.</p>
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]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
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		<title>Clean Code in Practice: Developing Maarch Software</title>
		<link>https://maarch.com/blog/clean-code-in-practice-developing-maarch-software/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[infra]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 15 Nov 2024 14:30:00 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Article]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Clean Code]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Open Source]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://maarch.com/?p=4740</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Clean code is essential to ensuring software longevity, quality and ease of evolution. What is clean code, what benefits does it offer, and which practical examples and best practices can make it accessible and applicable in day-to-day development?]]></description>
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    		<a href="#cleanCode" class="normal-text">What is clean code?</a>
    		<a href="#avantages" class="normal-text">The benefits of clean code</a>
    		<a href="#meilleuresPratiques" class="normal-text">Best practices for clean code</a>
    		<a href="#conseilsStrategies" class="normal-text">Practical tips and strategies to improve code readability and maintainability</a>
    		<a href="#conclusion" class="normal-text">Conclusion</a>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Introduction</h2>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Clean code is essential for ensuring the longevity, quality, and ease of evolution of software. What is Clean Code, what benefits does it bring, and what concrete examples and practices make it applicable and accessible?</p>



<div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Well-structured, readable code not only makes developers’ jobs easier, but also optimizes resources, reduces errors, and speeds up the rollout of new features.</p>



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<div id="cleanCode" class="wp-block-group"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained">
<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What is clean code?</strong></h2>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Clean Code is code that is structured, understandable, and free of unnecessary complexity. It is organized so that it can be read and maintained by other developers — or by yourself several months later — with minimal effort.</p>



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<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Clean code is also scalable and reusable, as it follows simple rules that make it easier to adapt and extend over time. </h3>
</blockquote>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>It rests on several basic principles:</strong></p>



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<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><strong>Simplicity:</strong> Each part of the code addresses a single, well-defined responsibility.</li>



<li><strong>Readability:</strong> The code is understandable without needing excessive explanation.</li>



<li><strong>Maintainability:</strong> It is easy to fix, adapt, and optimize.</li>



<li><strong>Modularity:</strong> The code is broken down into independent, reusable parts.</li>
</ul>



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  		<p class="xtiny-text medium"><em>Diagram of the Clean Code concept</em></p>
    

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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">As open-source solutions, Maarch’s software adheres to Clean Code principles to keep its source code accessible and modular.</p>
</div></div>



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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><strong>The benefits of clean code</strong><br></strong><div><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></strong></div></h2>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The benefits of clean code go far beyond aesthetics. They are crucial to the success of a software project.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">1&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Increased maintainability</strong></h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Maintainability is one of the most important benefits of Clean Code. When code is well-structured and easy to understand, it’s much simpler to come back to it later to fix or update it.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">According to a study from Carnegie Mellon University, companies that invest in the maintainability of their code reduce the time spent on maintenance by 30 to 50%, resulting in significant cost savings.</h3>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">In practice, this means fewer bugs, faster fixes, and a greater ability to evolve the code without breaking it.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">2&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Reusability</strong></h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Clean code promotes reusability, since each function or module is independent and designed to perform a specific task. In a context where multiple applications or versions of a product are being developed, reusability becomes a strategic asset.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">3&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; Scalability and adaptability</h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Well-written, well-structured code is easy to evolve. As requirements change, clean code is flexible enough to allow new features to be added without disrupting what’s already there.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">4&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Easier collaboration</strong></h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Well-documented Clean Code makes collaboration within development teams easier. In large companies like Microsoft, where multiple teams work on shared projects, standardized, readable, and well-organized code allows developers to quickly understand each other’s contributions. Collaboration is then easier, even in the event of <a href="https://www.qualtrics.com/fr/gestion-de-l-experience/employe/turnover-definition/" data-type="link" data-id="https://www.qualtrics.com/fr/gestion-de-l-experience/employe/turnover-definition/"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">turnover</span></strong></a>.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><strong>Best practices for clean code</strong></strong></h2>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Clean code doesn’t depend solely on individual skill — it relies on best practices that are recognized and proven by everyone.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">1&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Code organization</strong></h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Clear architecture:</strong> adopt a well-defined architecture, such as <strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.lemagit.fr/definition/Conception-pilotee-par-le-domaine-DDD#:~:text=La%20conception%20pilot%C3%A9e%20par%20le,forces%20%C3%A0%20des%20choses%20inutiles." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DDD (Domain Driven Design)</a></span></strong> or <strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://blog.sciam.fr/2023/10/27/architecture-hexagonale-par-la-pratique-partie1.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hexagonal architecture</a></span></strong>, a more recent approach used for the design of products such as Maarch Digital Flow. </p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">This architecture allows for better management of segments such as folders, documents, users, etc.</h3>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This architecture also enables two things: on the one hand, a separation between business logic code and code that “interacts” with the outside world, and on the other hand, faster and simpler completion of tests for all business logic code.</p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Note that the entire Maarch Digital Flow solution is built around this hexagonal structure.</p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Modularity:</strong> Break functions and classes down into small modules, so that each one is responsible for a specific task.</p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Logical folder structure:</strong> Organize files and folders consistently to make navigation and reading easier.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">2&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Naming variables and functions clearly</strong></h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Use explicit names:</strong> Variable and function names should be clear and precisely describe their purpose (for example, “Total Price” is more explicit than “tp”).</p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Avoid abbreviations:</strong> Abbreviations can be misleading and make code incomprehensible. Favor full, meaningful names. The same applies to naming in test scenarios.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">3&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Comments and documentation</strong></h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Concise comments:</strong> Comments on a test or piece of code should be concise, informative, and explain why the code does what it does. Clean code is self-explanatory.</p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Function documentation</strong>: Document each function, specifying its parameters, purpose, and any exceptions it may raise.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">4&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Debugging and testing techniques</strong></h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">There are several types of tests essential to ensuring code quality and reliability.</p>



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<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Automated tests:</strong></h4>



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<li><strong>Unit test:</strong> a unit test checks each function or component individually to ensure it works correctly by isolating its specific functionality. For example, in a messaging application, a unit test would check that a data-formatting function returns the expected format. These tests should be put in place from the earliest stages of the project to ensure code quality throughout development.</li>



<li><strong>Functional test:</strong>  a functional test evaluates complete features of the application by checking that each component works as expected in interaction with others. For example, in a document management platform like <strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://maarch.com/maarch-digital-flow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MDF</a></span></strong>, a functional test might check that a user can upload, view, and share a document end to end, simulating a real-world use case.</li>
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<h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Iterative coding with </strong><a href="https://blog.hubspot.fr/website/test-driven-development" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">TDD (Test-Driven Development)</span></strong></a> <strong>:</strong> </h4>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The TDD method involves designing a test for each use case even before writing the corresponding code. </p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">This pushes developers to write more structured, maintainable code, since each function is tied to a specific, explicitly named test. </h3>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">For example, if a sorting function is created, a test will be written beforehand to ensure it correctly sorts a given list. This approach makes it easier for team members to understand, spot, and interpret each test.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Tools such as <a href="https://www.jenkins.io/"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Jenkins</span></strong></a>, <a href="https://labs.maarch.org/maarch"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">GitLab</span></strong></a>, as well as code analysis solutions like <a href="https://www.sonarsource.com/products/sonarqube/"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">SonarQube</span></strong></a>, make code more maintainable and reusable while ensuring its scalability.</h3>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">At Maarch, our teams follow strict testing protocols: every developer must verify that all tests associated with their code pass before pushing it to the final version. This ensures that every new version of the code is stable, robust, and meets the required quality standards.</p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph"><strong>Regular refactoring:</strong> <strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9usinage_de_code" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">refactoring</a></span></strong> (reorganizing code without changing its behavior) makes it possible to simplify code without altering its functionality. Martin Fowler, a pioneer in the field, recommends frequent refactoring to avoid the buildup of technical debt.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><strong>Practical tips and strategies to improve code readability and maintainability</strong></strong></h2>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">1&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Simplify code as much as possible:</strong> </h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Avoid excessive complexity. Use simple, logical code structures such as the <a href="https://meritis.fr/blog/kiss-la-regle-simple"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">KISS (Keep It Simple Stupid)</span></strong></a> method.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">2&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Follow coding conventions:</strong> </h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Use language-specific conventions (<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_case"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">camelCase</span></strong></a> in <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">JavaScript</span></strong></a>, for example). There are many coding conventions, such as the <a href="https://www.adimeo.com/blog-technique/psr-les-standards-de-programmation-en-php"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PSR12</span></strong></a> convention in <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">PHP</span></strong></a>, which checks that developers properly follow this PHP standard. </p>



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<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">It’s important to follow the application’s coding rules, and some of these rules can be checked automatically. </h3>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">At Maarch, this is a method used throughout the writing of code.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">3&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Avoid redundant code:</strong> </h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">If similar code is repeated several times, consider factoring it into a shared function; methods such as <a href="https://cdiese.fr/principe-de-developpement-dry-dont-repeat-yourself/"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;">DRY (Don’t Repeat Yourself)</span></strong></a> are often used.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">4&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Pay attention to dependencies:</strong> </h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Use the dependency injection principle to keep code flexible and allow modules to be tested in isolation.</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading">5&#xfe0f;&#x20e3; <strong>Review the code:</strong> </h3>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Take the time to review and correct code before merging it into the main project. This practice is used systematically at Maarch, ensuring the quality of both components and code.</p>
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Clean Code is an essential component of modern software development, offering considerable benefits in terms of maintainability, reusability, and scalability. While it requires an initial effort and ongoing discipline, the gains in productivity, quality, and customer satisfaction are invaluable.</p>



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<blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow">
<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Adopting clean code principles has a direct, positive impact on the performance of their services and on user satisfaction.</h3>
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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">By following best practices and building clean code in from the start of a project, developers can not only make their own work easier, but also lay the foundations for durable, scalable software.</p>



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<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It is therefore only natural that these principles are put into practice within Maarch’s R&amp;D team.</p>
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